《子張》 Passage 19.3

Zixia (proper name, a disciple of Confucius)

• 子 prefix of a courtesy name, as in 子路 and 子貢; not the title Master
• 夏 Xia, courtesy-name element in 子夏, the courtesy name of Bu Shang (卜商); his given name is 商

possessive particle: 's, of

disciples, followers

• 門 school, lineage of teaching (lit. gate)
• 人 person

to ask (about)

friendship, social relations, associating with people

preposition marking the person addressed

Zizhang (proper name, a disciple of Confucius)

• 子 prefix of a courtesy name, as in 子路 and 子貢; not the title Master
• 張 Zhang, courtesy-name element in 子張, the courtesy name of the disciple Zhuansun Shi (顓孫師)

Zizhang (proper name, a disciple of Confucius)

• 子 prefix of a courtesy name, as in 子路 and 子貢; not the title Master
• 張 Zhang, courtesy-name element in 子張, the courtesy name of the disciple Zhuansun Shi (顓孫師)

to say, speak

Several translators render this 曰 as 'asked' because its content is a question.

Zixia (proper name, a disciple of Confucius)

• 子 prefix of a courtesy name, as in 子路 and 子貢; not the title Master
• 夏 Xia, courtesy-name element in 子夏, the courtesy name of Bu Shang (卜商); his given name is 商

to say, speak

interrogative pronoun: what

replied, answered

• 對 to reply, answer
• 曰 to say, speak

Lau presents the answer as a direct quotation without a separate speech-tag verb.

Zixia (proper name, a disciple of Confucius)

• 子 prefix of a courtesy name, as in 子路 and 子貢; not the title Master
• 夏 Xia, courtesy-name element in 子夏, the courtesy name of Bu Shang (卜商); his given name is 商

Ames & Rosemont collapse the nested quotation, dropping the inner 'Zixia said'.

to say, speak

acceptable, permissible, that will do

nominalizing particle: one who, those who

to associate with, be friendly with

object pronoun: him, them

English lets the relative clause 'those who are acceptable' stand as the object of 'associate with' without a resumptive pronoun.

topic-shifting pronoun/determiner: those, as for

not acceptable, unsuitable

• 不 not
• 可 acceptable, permissible

nominalizing particle: one who, those who

to reject, refuse, keep at a distance from

object pronoun: him, them

English lets the relative clause 'those who are not acceptable' stand as the object of 'reject' without a resumptive pronoun.

Zizhang (proper name, a disciple of Confucius)

• 子 prefix of a courtesy name, as in 子路 and 子貢; not the title Master
• 張 Zhang, courtesy-name element in 子張, the courtesy name of the disciple Zhuansun Shi (顓孫師)

to say, speak

different, at variance with

comparative preposition: from, than

Here 乎 marks a comparison ('different from'), not a question.

I, my

that which is heard, what one has learned

• 所 nominalizing particle: that which, what
• 聞 to hear, learn of (nominalized: what is heard)

exemplary person, gentleman

• 君 lord, ruler; 君子 is literally a lord's son
• 子 son; 君子 is literally a lord's son, one of the ruling class, which the Analects makes a term of character

to honor, revere, hold in esteem

the worthy, virtuous people

coordinating conjunction: and

Roberts renders this 而 adversatively ('but') rather than as a plain conjunction.

to tolerate, accommodate, be tolerant of

the multitude, the masses, everyone

to praise, commend, applaud

the good, good people

conjunctive particle: and, and then, and so

to pity, feel compassion for, sympathize with

the incapable, those without ability

• 不 not
• 能 able, capable

I, me

conditional/rhetorical frame: if...(is it not so)

• 之 nominalizing particle marking a clause as a topic
• 與 sentence-final rhetorical/interrogative particle

Legge, Roberts, and Watson form the same rhetorical hypothesis through question inversion ('Am I...?') instead of an explicit 'if'.

greatly worthy, of great virtue

• 大 great, considerable
• 賢 worthy, virtuous

preposition: toward, among, in regard to

people, others

what would [I] not tolerate — nothing I would not tolerate

• 何 what; interrogative pronoun
• 所 nominalizing particle: that which, wherein
• 不 not
• 容 to tolerate, accommodate

I, me

conditional/rhetorical frame: if...(is it not so)

• 之 nominalizing particle marking a clause as a topic
• 與 sentence-final rhetorical/interrogative particle

As with the parallel clause above, Legge, Roberts, and Watson use question inversion instead of an explicit 'if'.

not worthy, unworthy

• 不 not
• 賢 worthy, virtuous

people, others

future/modal marker: will, about to

to reject, refuse, keep at a distance from

me (object pronoun)

how, what is to be done (rhetorical)

• 如 as, like (in the idiom 如之何, 'how')
• 何 what, how (in the idiom 如之何)

Peimin Ni and Roberts restructure the final question without an explicit 'how' phrase.

object pronoun within the idiom 如...何, 'how'

The idiom's fixed object pronoun does no separate work in English; 'how' alone carries the sense.

modal particle reinforcing the rhetorical question 如之何其…: how could one possibly

to reject, refuse, keep at a distance from

people, others

sentence-final particle of assertion/question

English forms the question with a question mark and sentence inversion rather than a discrete word for 也.